Trees
“He who plants a tree plants hope.” —Lucy Larcom
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The Living Forest

The Living Forest

See what tree rings tell us
about the life of a tree

A Seed Takes Root

Pictorial timeline shows
how a pinecone sheds
a seed and becomes a tree
Anatomy of a Tree

See a cross-section
of the inside of a tree trunk

What tree rings tell us about the life of a tree

This tree is 62 years old. It's been through fire and drought, plague and plenty. And all of this is recorded in its rings.

Each spring and summer a tree adds new layers of wood to its trunk. The wood formed in spring grows fast, and is lighter because it consists of large cells.

In summer, growth is slower; the wood has smaller cells and is darker. So when the tree is cut, the layers appear as alternating rings of light and dark wood.

Click the cross section of the tree ring above to view the whole ring as it came from the tree.

Count the dark rings, and you know the tree's age. Study the rings, and you can learn much more. Many things affect the way the tree grows, and thus alter the shape, thickness, color and uniformity of the rings.

A

1920
The tree a loblolly pine is born.
(The tiny ring at letter 'A' in the tree ring section above shows us how small the seedling was when it started to grow.)
B

1925 - The tree grows rapidly with no disturbance. There is abundant rainfall and sunshine in spring and summer. The rings are relatively broad, and are evenly spaced.
C

1930 - When the tree was 6 years old, something pushed against it, making it lean. The rings are now wider on the lower side as the tree builds "reaction wood" to help support it.
D

1940 - The tree is growing straight again. But its neighbors are growing too, and their crowns and root systems take much of the water and sunshine the tree needs.
E

1943 - The surrounding trees are harvested. The larger trees are removed and there is once again ample nourishment and sunlight. The tree can now grow rapidly again.
F

1946 - A fire sweeps through the forest. Fortunately, the tree is only scarred, and year by year, more and more of the scar is covered over by newly formed wood. (Locate the black fire scar to the ring that is marked by the letter 'F'.)
G

1958 - These narrow rings (at letter 'G' on the tree ring above) may have been caused by a prolonged dry spell. One or two dry summers would not have dried the ground enough to slow the tree's growth this much.
H 1973 - Another series of narrow rings may have been caused by an insect like the larva of the sawfly. It eats the leaves and leafbuds of many kinds of coniferous trees.